Monday, October 31, 2022

The Mysterious GEC Marconi Scientist Deaths


 
There have been mysterious deaths of people who worked for GEC-Marconi (the defence arm of GEC) on the Sting Ray torpedo project betwen 1972 and 1988.

The death of the British defense journalist Jonathan Moyle, who was found hanged in his Santiago hotel room on April 1, 1990, has also been the subject of speculation as being connected to the Marconi deaths.

Jonathan Moyle, the 28-year-old editor of the magazine 'Defence Helicopter World' and former RAF helicopter pilot, was found dead in room 1406 of Santiago's Hotel Carrera on 31. March 1990. His purpose in Santiago was to attend a Chilean sponsored defence conference.

He was found hanging in a wardrobe with a pillow case over his head. But a needle mark on his leg and blood on the bed were not considered in the first police analysis.

He was interested in a Bell Helicopter for civil use that the Chilean company Industrias Cardoen was converting to multi-use, especially for Third World conditions and economies. At that time, just before the Gulf War (the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops began 2. August 1990), Iraq was a potential customer for the helicopter.

Moyle's death was considered initially by the Chilean and British authorities as suicide or death in some sort of "bizarre sex game". But in December 1991, after pressure from the Moyle family, a judicial investigation in Chile concluded he had been assassinated, but as the police couldn't identify any suspect they halted the manhunt.

The United Kingdom inquest also into the death of Moyle, opened in Exeter in November 1990. It was adjourned by forensic doctor Richard Van Oppen after a pathologist said the autopsy could not be completed due to the fact that vital organs had been removed. In 1998 the reconvened inquest found that he had been unlawfully killed and the authorities later apologised to the family for spreading the allegation of suicide.

Excerpts from an apparently "un-redacted" version of a CIA report entitled Project Babylon, published in 2013 by the British magazine Lobster and in May 2014 by the newspaper Tribune, blame the murder of Jonathan Moyle on a British government agent, the late Stephan Adolphus Kock. The "un-redacted" CIA report states: "Meantime, as we co-ordinated an MI6 set-up, alleged nuclear capacitors shipped from US by Euromac for Iraq was [sic] seized at Heathrow Airport, it led to the arrest of CEO Ali Daghir and Jeanine Speckman, Kock found that defence journalist, Jonathan Moyle, possessed evidence of UK covert deals. Consequently, Kock and [a third named agent] eliminated him in Santiago, Chile. [S NF NC].”

The dead man's father, retired teacher Tony Moyle, said that the motive for the murder lay in Moyle's uncovering of information regarding arms shipments from Chile to Iraq.

The family's claim of a concealment has been supported by a book "The Valkyrie Operation" on Moyle's death written by Wensley Clarkson. The author alleges that Moyle was killed by local hitmen hired by arms dealer Carlos Cardoen, who denies he had any participation in Moyle's death.

In late 1997 a Santiago Court of Appeal reopened the investigation into Jonathan Moyle's death following representations from a lawyer representing the family.

The Editor of Lobster provided additional insight and context to the affair in a speech to the Centre for Security Analysis in London on 8 November 2000 and published in the summer 2001 edition of Lobster - issue 41. Explaining how the SIS's are "so awful to work for", he continued:

Take Jonathan Moyle, a not very bright, gung-ho Queen and country man. Young Moyle, while at University at Aberystwyth, was a Special Branch snitch who thought it his patriotic duty to tell the local SB who was smoking dope. On graduating he became an agent for - well, MI6 probably, though who knows? Moyle ended up being murdered in Chile. According to the book about him, Moyle wasn't very subtle as an intelligence asset and was poking around the Chilean arms dealer Cardoen - one of Mark Thatcher's friends - while Cardoen was doing a big helicopter deal with the Iraqis. This was in the run-up to the American attack on Iraq. Moyle ended up dead in a wardrobe in Chile and what does the local FCO guy do? Tells the media that Moyle was the victim of an auto-erotic accident: strangled himself while having a wank.

This death was also connected to the death of Danny casolaro which is another case I shall cover on another episode of this podcast.

Most incidents occurred after the men have successfully completed important projects or left one job for another.

Four of the dead men were employees of the GEC group – three at Marconi and one at Easams Ltd. Two others worked at separate times at the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham. An investigation by Computer News established that most of the men were involved in computer simulation, a key part of defence procurement.

At the time GEC-Marconi was Britain's only torpedo supplier and in 1986 was awarded a £400 million order from the Ministry of Defence for advanced anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes. The Royal Military College at Shrivenham is also involved in a number of Britain's leading edge defense projects. The college develops new testing devices for the Ministry of Defence and is engaged as a subcontractor to defence companies on research and development.

All the men involved were ambitious and demonstrated a special ability in their particular field. After every death, police gave unofficial press briefings providing journalists with plausible though unconfirmed explanations for the accidents or apparent suicides. The major problem for police has been the lack of obvious signs of depression in any of the cases. Several British MPs demanded a government inquiry. The UK Ministry of Defence denied that these scientists had been involved in classified Star Wars Projects and that the deaths were in any way connected.

In West Germany in 1986 there were several incidents involving individuals associated with America’s SDI — the Strategic Defence Initiative dubbed ‘Star Wars’ by the press.

The Strategic Defence Initiative was an ambitious programme by Ronald Regean, to create a space based anti-nuclear weapon shield which would have rendered Soviet nuclear capability useless. It has never been proven whether they were actually successful in achieving regean’s goal. Obviously this took place during the Cold War so it isn’t surprising that this information was never made public.

So to start of this list of mysterious deaths we have:

1972-3: Robert Wilson, 43

Expertise: former technical author for Marconi at chelmsford Essex.

Wilson was clearing out his attic when he came across some confidential Marconi documents. When he took them to Marconi he was interviewed at length. The next day while cleaning his .45 revolver he “accidentally” shot himself in the chest or so it is claimed. However he was a member of the local gun club and knew better than to clean a loaded gun with the muzzle pointing at himself. He himself described the incident as “grotesque”. Around may the following year he had another accident. While servicing his car in his garage, he was overcome by fumes. This time the accident was fatal.

March 1973: Geard Jack Darlow, 22

Employed by Marconi at chelmsford. Found dead on his bed in his flat with a knife in his chest. He had previously made an unsuccessful attempt at suicide.

March 1982: Professor Keith Bowden, 46

Expertise: Computer programmer and scientist at Essex University engaged in work for Marconi, who was hailed as an expert on super computers and computer-controlled aircraft.

Circumstance of Death: in march 1982 after being at a function Keith Bowden had a Fatal car crash when his vehicle went out of control across a dual carriageway and plunged onto a disused railway line. He died instantly. Police maintained he had been drinking but family and friends all denied the allegation.

During the inquest, police testified that Bowden's blood alcohol level had exceeded the legal limit and that he had been driving too fast. His death was ruled accidental. police said Bowden was drunk and was driving too fast, but his wife and solicitor believed otherwise. Friends who were with Bowden that night denied he had been drinking.

Another odd aspect about this so called “Accident” was, Bowden’s solicitor hired an accident investigator to examine the wreck. Somebody had swapped the normally pristine tires on Bowden’s Rover with a set that were worn and old. At the inquest this was not allowed to be brought up. Someone asked if the car was in a sound condition, and the answer was yes.

“Hillary Bowdens wife in a state of shock, never protested the published verdict. Yet, she remains convinced that someone tampered with her husband's car. "It certainly looked like foul play," Hillary maintains.

Coroner's verdict: Accident.

July 1982: Jack Wolfenden, 56

Radio operator at GCHQ at cheltenham. Though an experienced glider pilot he had a fatal crash when his powered glider crashed into a cotswold hillside in perfect flying weather. (Which sounds to me much like the suspicious death of doctor don chumly which I shall talk more about in my Oklahoma City bombing podcast episode.) his girlfriend said he had been acting oddly, lethargic and indecisive after returning from abroad. No indication of suicide though.

The verdict: accidental death

However, what was odd about this death was that the accident occurred within a few days of the appearance in court of Gefforey Prime, a fellow worker at GCHQ who was subsequently jailed as a spy. His files named several colleagues who might be blackmailed or bribed to pass information on to the soviets. However strangely the authorities denied any connection between Wolfenden’s death and prime’s conviction. I tend to disagree and find the timing of the death to be very interesting.

1982: Ernest Brockway, 43

Employed at irton Moor, one of GCHQ’s largest grand stations. He was found hanged in his home. Though he left no suicide note, suicide was presumed. His widow told reporters that her husband had been a sick man and most oddly she had been told by authorities to say nothing. Which I find really weird. As with wolfenden the authorities also denied any link with spying.

1983: Stephen Drinkwater, 25

Employed at Cheltenham, in the only department where it is permitted to make copies of classified documents. Found by his parents in his room asphyxiated with a plastic bag over his head. It was supposed that he had been involved in a sexual experiment. Which again I find hard to believe and seems too coincidental to me. I also don’t know if the parents were ever interviewed in regards to this.

What I find incredible and interesting about these spate of deaths is, each man worked at GCHQ, There was a scandal involving espionage and shortly thereafter these men die and the authorities try and hush it all up. GCHQ is the name that keeps cropping up over and over.

April 1983: Lt. Colonel Anthony Godley, 49

Expertise: Head of the Work Study Unit at the Royal College of Military Science.

Circumstance of Death: Disappeared mysteriously on a Saturday morning in April 1983 without explanation to anyone. He spent the night at a hotel in dover, leaving without paying his bill. His car was found at Folkestone, where his yacht was missing and has never been found. He is Presumed dead. There is even more evidence supporting this because When his father died in 1987, leaving Godly a rather large sum of money, he never showed up to receive it. The other odd aspect about this is that his widow left their married quarters at RMCS within 24 hours without making any comment her husbands disappearance.

April 6th 1984: George Franks, 58

Radio specialist At GCHQ engaged in highly classified defense work. Originally said to have been found hanged in his Sussex home, leaving a suicide note. However it was subsequently stated that he had died of a heart attack. And the verdict was natural causes.

Verdict: disputed.

What was unusual about this death was that the original statement seems to have been totally false but how this error originated only adds to the mystery. Then it got even weirder the name of the victim was not at first disclosed, and a news blackout followed his death. The authorities explained this was out of concern for his family. Yet no family member appeared except for his sister who had not seen him for 4 months. A neighbour stated Franks only received 2 phone calls a week mostly from a man who identified himself in code. How the neighbour knew about this was never explained. Another weird aspect to this case that’s never been explained is anticipating his heart attack Franks bundled up a number of papers with directions they were to be given to his sister only. However they were for some reason given to police and only some of the documents the contents of which remains disputed were passed on to his sister. A partially concealed malt whisky bottle and a bottle of tablets were found near the body. Strange thing was they were said to have had no relevance to his death. Which I find very odd because some medication if mixed with alcohol can cause heart problems and can also induce a heart attack so why this was so hastily ruled out as the cause of death mystifies me.

To make matters even more interesting a friend revealed that he had been in serious dispute with his employers GCHQ but could not elaborate. Possibly related to his taste in pornography which had caused him some problems at work. Although “ how the magazines were discovered and why the matter was take so seriously was never made clear”.

1985: Stephen Oke, 35

Worked at GCHQ’s listening post at morwenstow, Cornwall. His work apparently had no security aspect, though he had access to sensitive material.he was found hanging from a beam in the loft of his home while his wife and children were away for a few days. No apparent reason for suicde was ever found.

Verdict: open

this case however had some sinister undertones and some very interesting clues that never added up. For instance a piece of string was tied around his hands however the police claimed that he could have tied it himself which I don’t believe. Cigarettes were found nearby though Oke did not smoke. An empty brandy bottle was found in the dustbin however it was noted that Oke disliked spirits. To me based on this evidence it seems obvious that Oke had visitors who helped him with being hanged from the beam in the loft. Why this avenue of inquiry was never investigated remains unknown.

March 1985: Roger Hill, 49

Expertise: Radar designer and draughtsman with Marconi.


Circumstance of Death: Died by a shotgun blast at home.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

November 19, 1985: Jonathan Walsh, 29


Expertise: Digital communications expert who had worked at GEC and at British Telecom's secret research centre at Martlesham Heath, Suffolk.

Circumstance of Death: Died as a result of falling from a hotel room in Abidjan, West Africa, while working for British Telecom. He had expressed fears that his life was in danger. For reasons that remain unexplained. Conflicting evidence left the exact circumstances of his death unclear and raised the possibility of a struggle before his fall. The other really odd aspect to this case was that he had for some reason secretly booked a flight to Britain for the following day.

Coroner's verdict: Open.

August 5, 1986: Vimal Dajibhai, 24


Expertise: Computer software engineer with Marconi, responsible for testing computer control systems of Tigerfish and Stingray torpedoes at Marconi Underwater Systems at Croxley Green, Hertfordshire, and was also working on an SDI related simulation system.

Circumstance of Death: Dajibhai told his wife he would be working late, and then drove a hundred miles to Bristol (a city with which he had no known connection) and fell 260 feet (80 m) from the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon. Dajibhai was found with his pants around his ankles and a needle-sized puncture wound on his buttock. The Bristol coroner was concerned by this  “it was a mystery then and remains a mystery now.”

Investigating journalists found discrepancies in other evidence. "A police report noted a puncture mark on Dijabhai's left buttock after his fall from the bridge," explains Tony Collins, who covered the story for Britain's COMPUTER NEWS magazine. "Apparently, this was the reason his funeral was halted seconds before the cremation was to take place.

"Members of the Family were told that the body was to be taken away for a second postmortem, to be done by a top home- office pathologist. That's not normal. Then, a few months later, police held a press conference and announced that it hadn't been a puncture mark after all, that it was a wound caused by a bone fragment.

The results of this second postmortem have never been released.

"I find it very difficult to reconcile the initial coroner's report with what the police were saying a few months later," Collins contends.

An inquest was unable to determine whether Dajibhai had been pushed off the bridge or whether he had jumped. There had been no witnesses. The verdict was left open. Yet, authorities did their best to pin his death on suicide.

Which is suspicious In and of itself that is that they were pushing for a suicide verdict.

Police testified that Dajibhai had been suffering from depression, something his family and friends flatly denied. Dajibhai had absolutely no history of personal or emotional problems.

Police also claimed that the deceased had been drinking with a friend, Heyat Shah, shortly before his death, and that a bottle of wine and two used paper cups had been found in his car. Yet, forensic tests were never done on the auto, and those who knew Vimal, including Shah, say that he had never taken a drink of alcohol in his life.

Dajibhai had been looking forward to starting a new job in the City of London and friends had confirmed that there was no reason for him to commit suicide. At the time of his death he was in the last week of his work with Marconi.

Coroner's verdict: Open.

October 1986: Arshad Sharif, 26


Expertise: Reported to have been working on systems for the detection of submarines by satellite.

Circumstance of Death: Died as a result of placing a nylon rope around his neck, tying the other end to a tree and then driving off in his car with the accelerator pedal jammed down.

His unusual death was complicated by several issues: Sharif lived near Vimal Dajibhai in Stanmore, Middlesex, he committed suicide in Bristol and, inexplicably, had spent the last night of his life in a rooming house. He had paid for his accommodation in cash and was seen to have a bundle of high-denomination banknotes in his possession. While the police were told of the banknotes, no mention was made of them at the inquest and they were never found on his body.

Which to me is odd because having that kind of money raises questions such as where did he get the money? why did he have so much on him? and most important of all where did it all go and why was it never brought up or looked into?

In addition, most of the other guests at the rooming house worked at British Aerospace. Prior to working for Marconi, Sharif had also worked at British Aerospace on guided weapons technology.

A relative summoned to identify the body noticed something suspicious about his car. What appeared to be a metal rod was lying on the floor of the car next to the accelerator. Had it been used to wedge down the pedal?

The coroner wasn’t happy. “This is past coincidence…I will not be completing this inquest until I know how two men with no connection to Bristol came to meet the same end here”.

but both men were suspected to be working on a top secret project called Cosmos, which involved underwater guidance systems, establishing a further connection between the pair.

The deaths of Sharif and Dajibhai were the first to raise eyebrows and authorities quickly moved to offer viable reasons for the “coincidental” loss of lives. Investigators proposed that Sharif was depressed over a recent breakup. However, the lover in question maintained that she had not seen Sharif in over three years.

the woman police unofficially say was his lover contends that she was only his landlady when he was working for British Aerospace in Bristol. She's married, has three children, and she's deeply religious. The possibility of the two having an affair seems highly unlikely.

discounting the “jilted lover” theory, another woman from Pakistan came forward and admitted that she was his fiancée. Sharif’s family confirmed the relationship and said he had been genuinely in love with her and that she was due to arrive in town soon for a visit.

Authorities next said a taped message had been found in the car which appeared to them to be a verbal suicide note. On it, officers said, he'd admitted to having had an affair, thus bringing shame on his family.

Family members who've heard the tape say that it actually gave no indication of why Sharif might want to kill himself.Family members listened to the tape and disagreed. They were reportedly informed by the coroner that it was “not in their best interest” to attend the inquest.

Other interesting points to note was that 4 lengths of rope were found in the car but a receipt found in the car was for only 1 length of rope.

Stranger still on the day of his death he had an appointment with his MP (Member of parliament) it is presumed to discuss delays in the entry permit fr his Pakistani bride.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

January 1987: Richard Pugh, 37


Expertise: Ministry of Defence computer consultant and digital communications expert.

Circumstance of Death: Found dead in his flat in with his feet bound and a plastic bag over his head. Rope was tied around his body, coiling four times around his neck.

Coroner's verdict: The coroner’s verdict was an accident due to sexual misadventure. As in it was thought that he was practising what is known as autoerotic asphyxiation, where it is believed that while you suffocate and have an orgasm at the same time, the orgasm is supposed to be much more powerful. An extremely dangerous practice. Although in this case it seems to me to use be all too convenient that this death was ruled as such.

January 8, 1987: Avtar Singh-Gida, 26

Expertise: Researcher at the Ministry of Defence Admiralty Research Establishment, conducting tests of submarine warfare equiment.

Circumstance of Disappearance: Disappeared mysteriously in January 1987 during his doctoral thesis on underwater signal processing at Loughborough University, just three weeks away from his project's successful completion.

Gida vanished just two days before his wedding anniversary and had already bought his wife a gift for the occasion. He was seen last with a colleague near a reservoir in Derbyshire in northern England, where they were conducting an experiment in underwater acoustics. The two separated for lunch and Singh-Gida never returned. Police divers searched the area around the lake but found no body in the reservoir.

Authorities feared foul play (they were particularly concerned because of Singh-Gida’s friendship with Dajibhai, who had died mysteriously the August prior), but Singh-Gida was discovered in Paris four months later on May 8, 1987 working under an assumed name in a sweatshop filled with illegal immigrants. He was found in part due to a tip off by police to a derby journalist.Authorities said he told them he could not remember any details of his disappearance. He later resumed his scientific work and to date, has refused to discuss his disappearance nor the death of his colleague, Vimal Dajibhai with anyone.

His wife also stated that he had been very disturbed by the death the previous August of Dajibhai who was a known acquaintance.

Why he was left alive and wasn’t killed remains a mystery to me as he is the only one on this list who wasn’t killed.

January 12, 1987: Dr. John Brittan, 52

Expertise: Scientist formerly engaged in top secret work at the Royal College of Military Science at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, and later deployed in a research department at the Ministry of Defence.

Circumstance of Death: had a very weird car accident in December of 1986 in which he lost control and drove into a ditch but what was strange about it was he later told colleagues he could not understand how it happened. It might be possible that someone tampered with his car although whether it was examined remains unknown like a lot of things in these cases. In January he paid a working visit to the U.S. and returned with a throat infection which made him take time off work. January 12th was to have beeches day back at work but he was found dead sitting in his car in the garage of his camberley home. Due to carbon monoxide poisoning. It was supposed that he had been warming up his car and forgotten to open the garage door. He had no reason to kill himself.

Coroner's verdict: Accident.

February 1987: David Skeels, 43

Expertise: Engineer with Marconi.


Circumstance of Death: Found dead in his car with a hosepipe connected to the exhaust.

Coroner's verdict: Open.

February 1987: Victor Moore, 46

Expertise: Design Engineer with Marconi Space and Defence Systems.


Circumstance of Death: Died from a drug overdose. Moore had just finished work on infrared satellites at Portsmouth when he was found dead. For reasons that remain unknown His death is said to have instigated an MI5 investigation, the results of which remain secret. There was also a separate investigation into Marconi based at Portsmouth by the Ministry of Defence Serious Crime Squad.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

February 22, 1987: Peter Peapell, 46

Expertise: Scientist at the Royal College of Military Science. He had been working on testing titanium for it's resistance to explosives and the use of computer analysis of signals from metals.


Circumstance of Death: Found dead allegedly from carbon monoxide poisoning, in his Oxfordshire garage. The circumstances of his death raised some elements of doubt. Having spent an evening with friends, he and his wife returned home and Peapell went to put away the car.

The next morning, Maureen discovered that her husband had not come to bed. She found him in the garage, his body parallel to the car’s rear bumper with his mouth near the tailpipe. The car’s engine was still running. She pulled him into the open air but he was already dead. It was proposed that he had crawled under the car to investigate a rattle (or some similar mechanical failure) and had been overcome by the automobile’s fumes. However, Maureen reportedly noted that the light in the garage was broken – and Peapell was not found with a flashlight in his possession.

Police were apparently baffled as to how he could have manoeuvred into the position in which he was found. Doubts were of course raised and a local constable attempted to recreate the deadly scene. He found that with the garage door closed, he was unable to crawl underneath the car.

The constable also noted that it was not possible to close the garage door from Peapell’s position (indicating Peapell would have had to close the door before he moved under the car).

Investigative reports noted that carbon deposits found on the inside of the garage door showed the car had only been running a short period of time (Maureen had arisen from her sleep and found the body seven hours after going to bed).

It was confirmed that Peapell had shown no signs of stress which could have caused him to commit suicide. His death followed the somewhat similar death of Dr. John Brittan . At the time of his death, Peapell no longer worked at the Royal College of Military Science and had moved to a research department of the Ministry of Defence. Interestingly, both Peapell and Brittan had both worked at the Royal College of Military Science and, furthermore, both had been on a recent trip to the US in connection with their work.

Coroner's verdict: Open.

John Whiteman supposedly drowned himself in his bathtub, the body surrounded by pills and empty alcohol bottles. Yet the autopsy revealed no trace of drugs or alcohol in his body.

March 30, 1987: David Sands, 37

Expertise: Senior scientist working for Easams of Camberley, Surrey, a sister company to Marconi. Dr. John Brittan had also worked at Camberley.


Circumstance of Death: Fatal car crash when he made a sudden U-turn on a dual carriageway while on his way to work, crashing at high speed into a disused cafeteria. He was found still wearing his seat belt and it was discovered that in his car were two additional five gallon cans full of petrol. causing the car to be completely consumed by a fireball. Sands was only identified with reference to his dental records.None of the normal reasons for a possible suicide could be found. Another odd and sinister aspect that has never been explained is that Investigators could find no clue as to who put the gasoline tanks in his car before he embarked on his fateful ride.

Even more bizarre was that Given the suspicious circumstances, the coroner refused to rule Sand’s death a suicide. An open verdict was returned. Soon thereafter, the newspapers received “leaked” information hinting that Sands had been depressed and under a tremendous emotion strain. His mother-in-law, Margaret Worth, quickly dismissed the claims.

Quote: “When David died, it was a great mystery to us. He was very successful. He was very confident. He had just pulled off a great coup for his company, and he was about to be greatly rewarded. He had a very bright future ahead of him. He was perfectly happy the week before this happened.”

Coroner's verdict: Open.

April 10, 1987: Stuart Gooding, 23

Expertise: Postgraduate research student at the Royal College of Military Science.


Circumstance of Death: Fatal car crash while on holiday in Cyprus: he died instantly when his hired car collided head on with a lorry. The lorry driver was said to be unhurt. At least one senior employee at the college considered that the death could be significant. Interestingly enough it turned out that this death occurred at the same time as RMCS college personnel were carrying out military exercises in Cyprus.

Coroner's verdict: Accident.

April 10, 1987 David (Robert) Greenhalgh, 46

Expertise: Contracts manager at ICL's defence division at Winnersh near Reading.


Circumstance of Death: Suffered multiple injuries after a mysterious leap from a 12m (40 ft) high railway bridge on his way to work at Maidenhead, Berkshire, the same day as Stuart Gooding's fatal car crash (see above). The firm admitted he had been positively vetted and may have had access to secret UK and NATO data. He was working on the same defense project as David Sands, who had died less than two weeks earlier. He survived the fall and stated that he had no idea how or why he had leapt from the bridge. He died a few days later in hospital.

April 14th 1987: Mark Wisner, 24

He was a software engineer at the aeroplane & armament experimental establishment as boscombe down. He was found dead at his home at durrington wearing women boost and suspenders. With a plastic sack over his head and cling film wrapped around his face. He was said to be a transvestite in his leisure hours. And his death was perceived as an unsuccessful sexual experiment. Although I do find his death to be interesting because it could very well have been set up to look like an “accident”. accident by sexual misadventure has been used in the past in a lot of espionage cases to make a murder appear as an accident and to humiliate the person who was killed.

April 17, 1987: George Kountis, age unknown.

Expertise: Systems Analyst at Bristol Polytechnic.


Circumstance of Death: Drowned the same day as Shani Warren - as the result of a car accident, his upturned car being found in the River Mersey, Liverpool.

Coroner's verdict: Misadventure. This ruling I found bizarre given the circumstances. I have no idea how the coroner came to rule this guys death as a misadventure?

(Kountis's sister obviously felt the same way because she called for a fresh inquest as she thought "things didn't add up”.)

April 17, 1987: Shani Warren, 26

Expertise: Personal assistant in a company called Micro Scope, which was taken over by GEC Marconi less than four weeks after her death.

Circumstance of Death: Found drowned in 18 inches of water, not far from the site of David Greenhalgh's bridge fall. Warren died exactly one week after the death of Stuart Gooding and serious injury to Greenhalgh, and the same day as the death of George Kountis. She was found gagged with a noose around her neck. Her feet were also bound and her hands tied behind her back.

The reason I don’t believe a word of this is It was said that Warren had gagged herself, tied her feet with rope, then tied her hands behind her back and hobbled to the lake on stiletto heels to drown herself. Which is just ridiculous there isn’t any way possible she could have done this without someone’s help.

The suicide theory was supported by the fact that supposedly the only footprints that were found were her stiletto high heels. This isn’t the case however because when a reconstruction was done it turned out that someone who was wearing flat shoes would have left no marks. That coupled with the fact that her car that was parked nearby had a defective gearbox and the contents of which was strewn around the grass nearby as though it had been searched. Even more puzzling was the police investigation for some unknown reason was weirdly unenthusiastic.

Coroner’s verdict: Open.


May 3, 1987: Michael Baker, 22

Expertise: Digital communications expert working on a defence project at Plessey; part-time member of Signals Corps SAS.


Circumstance of Death: on a fishing trip with two friends his car crossed the highway and crashed through the barrier. His two companions were uninjured but he was killed. The weird part about that to me was his mother reported that he had not wanted to go but someone came to the door for him and he left then He ends up being the only one killed? To me it sounds as if he was set up to be killed and it was made to look like an accident. It also turned out that he was a part time member of the SAS (Special Air Service) squadron with MOD connections.

Coroner's verdict: Misadventure. Again this verdict seems strange to me.

June 1987: Frank Jennings, 60.

Expertise: Electronic Weapons Engineer with Plessey.


Circumstance of Death: Found dead from a heart attack.

No inquest.

January 1988: Russell Smith, 23

Expertise: Laboratory technician with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Essex.

Circumstance of Death: 23-year-old Russell Smith, a lab technician at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, fell to his death from a cliff in Cornwall in January 1988. Police began searching for 23-year-old Russell Smith in mid-January after he vanished from his parents’ home, where he lived. He had previously asked for a day off from his job at the Atomic Energy Authority in Harwell, 50 miles west of London. His death was ruled a suicide.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

March 25, 1988: Trevor Knight, 52

Expertise: Computer engineer with Marconi Space and Defence Systems in Stanmore, Middlesex.


Circumstance of Death: Found dead at his home in Harpenden, Hertfordshire at the wheel of his car with a hosepipe connected to the exhaust. A St. Albans coroner said that Knight's woman friend, Miss Narmada Thanki (who also worked with him at Marconi) had found three suicide notes left by him which made clear his intentions. The strange thing about this was the contents was never disclosed and those who have seen them refuse to comment about them.

Miss Thanki had mentioned that Knight disliked his work but she did not detect any depression that would have driven him to suicide. The previous day he had also called his mother sounding quite happy and making plans for the weekend.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

August 1988: Alistair Beckham, 50

Expertise: Software engineer with Plessey Defence Systems.


Circumstance of Death: was found dead in his dark, musty backyard toolshed behind his home. Bare wires leading from a live electrical main were wrapped around his chest and a piece of cloth was stuffed in his mouth. A paperclip was placed across the electrical main to ensure the breaker did not trip while the electrical current ran through his body.His wife noted that Beckham had installed a wide-angle peep hole on the door of the toolshed.

Beckham’s wife was entirely unconvinced her husband committed suicide.

His wife, Mary Beckham, said:“We don’t know why he did it…if he did it. And I don’t believe that he did do it. He wouldn’t go out to the shed [to do that]. There had to be something….”Beckham was highly secretive about his work and just hours after his death men from the Ministry of Defence arrived at the scene and took away several documents and files from Beckham’s home.

Coroner's verdict: Open.

August 22, 1988: Peter Ferry, 60

Expertise: Retired Army Brigadier and an Assistant Marketing Director with Marconi.


Circumstance of Death: was found dead in his apartment in August 1988. His body was found on the floor of the apartment, the stripped ends of an electrical cord in his mouth.

A sinister aspect to this case was that His wife noted that one month before his death, a truck had purposely swerved at him and his daughter while they drove to the store. The incident left Ferry shaken and afraid for his life. His death could not be ruled suicide nor homicide and the coroner’s ruling remains open.

Coroner's verdict: Open

September 1988: Andrew Hall, 33

Expertise: Engineering Manager with British Aerospace.


Circumstance of Death: Carbon monoxide poisoning in a car with a hosepipe connected to the exhaust.

Coroner's verdict: Suicide.

The most astonishing thing about all these deaths is not only is it statistically impossible for this to be normal, but The conservative government of Margaret Thatcher dismissed calls for an inquiry, claiming the deaths were not statistically unusual and were just ‘coincidences’, perhaps, they claimed, exacerbated by high levels of stress in the defence industry. Which doesn’t hold water with me.

Professor Colin Pritchard, a noted expert in mental illness and suicides, thinks at least some of the deaths were statistically uncommon.Whilst it's true suicide is one of the most prevalent causes of early death in men, especially young men, Pritchard believes factors in some of the cases make the suicide verdicts unlikely.

Pritchard cites the cases of at least 4 of the men that share unusual elements. All 4 men had complained to friends and family that they had been tasked ‘strange’, ‘impossible’ and ‘unscientific’ tasks by their employers.All 4 men committed suicide in incredibly violent and bizarre ways.

Pritchard has studied numerous suicide cases and thinks such extreme suicide methods are normally only associated with people suffering severe mental breakdowns, to the extent they would be unable to even hold down jobs.Yet the men were all employed up until the day of their deaths and none had shown any sign of mental illness or other disturbance.

All of the men had also recently found new jobs and were preparing to leave within days of their deaths. Likewise, all 4 men had recently arranged appointments with their MPs. Which is interesting because if one person was to do it you’d put it down to nothing much at all, but four men working in the same field, who all died asked to see their MP? That to me is something more than just a mere coincidence.

The question then becomes What were the strange ‘unscientific’ projects that the men were complaining of, and why had they all booked appointments with their MPs? Had they stumbled on something in their jobs that had worried them  something that led to them been silenced? In all honesty I believe so the old saying of “dead men tell no tales” seems to permeate the air in this case.

The biggest thing that got me was the death by sexual misadventure. There is no easier way than to make a murder look like an accident or suicide than make it look like a sex game gone horribly wrong.

Several of the deaths were put down to sex games gone wrong. But intelligence expert Conrad Black says death by sexual misadventure is a common method of disguising murder in the world of espionage.

Black told the Daily Record  and I quote “Disposing of an enemy and making it look like a perverted fantasy gone wrong is in the training manuals of every spy agency from MI6 to Mossad.

The sex game cover is a very useful mechanism in a murder. Not only does it provide a disguise for the actual means and method of death, it trashes the reputation of the victim and blunts the energy of any subsequent investigation.

This is why the coroners verdict for me doesn’t hold water. One death like this perhaps, but to have two deaths both related to Marconi, both done in similar fashion? I don’t buy it. The other thing was it was never made clear if both mens history were checked if they were into that sort of sexual kink. IF not that would raise red flags for me. For someone to perform sex act they don’t like and be found like that, says to me the scene was staged.

Another possible reason for this spate of deaths is that

According to a high-ranking British government official, for a year and a half the Ministry of Defense has been secretly investigating Marconi on allegations of defence- contract fraud--overcharging the government, bribing officials. The extensive probe has required most of the MoD's investigative resources, conceivably reaching as far as Marconi's sub- contractors and into MoD research facilities such as the Royal Military College of Science and the Royal Air Force Research Center.

Another link in the chain was that Almost all of the dead scientists were associated with one or more of these establishments.

If Marconi was systematically defrauding the government for millions of pounds each year, perhaps an employee stumbled upon incriminating evidence and had to be done away with. It would be easy enough to make it look like an accident.

We may never know who or what killed all these scientists. Everyone has a theory.

The National Forum Foundation, a conservative Washington D.C., think tank, believes the deaths are the work of European- based, left-wing terrorists, such as the Red Army Faction who took credit for gunning down a West German bureaucrat who'd negotiated Star Wars contracts Ernst Zimmermann, who was shot to death at his home near Munich in February 1985.

The group also claims the July 1986 bombing death of a researcher director Karl Heinz Beckurts from the Siemens Company--a high-tech, West German electronics firm. The terrorists apparently chose their target to seek to exploit opposition to nuclear power and to West German cooperation in research on the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars.”

A seven-page letter, signed by the Red Army Faction and displayed at a news conference at the federal prosecutor's office in Karlsruhe, cited "secret negotiations" involving Siemens in a possible role in the SDI research program.

They have yet to take credit for any of the scientists.

Sources:

https://projectcamelot.org/marconi.html

https://theunredacted.com/dead-scientists-the-marconi-murders/

https://www.altereddimensions.net/2014/mysterious-sdi-defense-program-deaths-beg-frightening-question-far-will-government-go-protect-secrets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Moyle

http://www.whale.to/b/sdi.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/07/10/terrorist-group-kills-executive-near-munich/da623290-a2db-448f-ac1c-f18bda0da97f/

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7aJVq5-ZkuEC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Lt.+Colonel+Anthony+Godley&source=bl&ots=Nt-0qYZ6OI&sig=ACfU3U2PuPyugf3o52Bq77h1Yg3sZc7t_Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZz4_2lPz3AhW0SGwGHacLAMs4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Lt.%20Colonel%20Anthony%20Godley&f=false

Sunday, October 30, 2022

the Disappearance Of Lionel "Buster" Crabb


 
Lionel Crabb

Lieutenant-Commander Lionel Kenneth Phillip Crabb (28 January 1909 – presumed dead 19 April 1956), known as Buster Crabb, was a Royal Navy frogman and diver who vanished during a reconnaissance mission for MI6 around a Soviet cruiser berthed at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956.

Early life

Lionel Crabb was born in 1909 to Hugh Alexander Crabb and Beatrice (née Goodall) of Streatham, south-west London. They were a poor family; Hugh Crabb was a commercial traveller for a firm of photographic merchants.

Crabb’s father Hugh was eventually listed listed as Missing during the Great War. For most of Crabb’s early days he was brought up by Frank Jarvis, a relative of Beatrice who came to stay after the War. For a short and unhappy time Lionel went to school at Brighton College but then transferred to H.M.S.Conway, a Naval Academy. When he left school he was a bit of a drifter having lots of different jobs, and not much liking any of them. In the end Crabb tried to join the Navy in 1939 when he was twenty eight. He was refused on medical grounds, was told to join the Reserves, so he joined the Merchant Navy instead.

Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Crabb was first an army gunner. and because of this he was able to join the Royal Navy Patrol Service that used trawlers to clear mines. At last he was where he wanted to be. Unfortunately he had to have a medical at some stage, and when he did, it was found that he had a weak left eye, and so he was banned from further sea service. Fed up, Crabb volunteered for Special Duties, and ended up becoming a mine and bomb disposal expert.

Then, in 1941, he joined the Royal Navy. The next year he was sent to Gibraltar where he worked in a mine and bomb disposal unit to remove the Italian limpet mines that enemy divers had attached to the hulls of Allied ships. Initially, Crabb's job was to disarm mines that British divers removed. After doing this for a while he thought he could be of more use if he became a diver, and applied to join the Team. Crabb hated the idea of any sort of fitness training, smoke and drank heavily and could only just swim three lengths of a swimming pool, but the head of the Diving team Lieutenant Bailey, accepted him because he was good at mine disposal.

He was one of a group of underwater clearance divers who checked for limpet mines in Gibraltar harbour during the period of Italian frogman and manned torpedo attacks by the Decima Flottiglia MAS.

Gibraltar was a stronghold for the British, as it provided them with a strategic port in the Mediterranean. It was a heavily fortified location, due to the extensive below-rock tunnel system. Due to the area’s importance, the Italians launched clandestine actions against them, including using “frogmen.”

Despite the harbor having a net barrier that extended beneath the water, the Italians who would send men to the area on an underwater, rideable torpedo. They would then cut through the netting and enter the harbor. They would also attach limpet mines to the hulls of Allied vessels, the same explosives Lionel Crabb disposed of. At one point, they managed to take out five ships in three months.

They dived with oxygen rebreathers, Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus, which until then had not been used much if at all for swimming down from the surface. At first they swam by breaststroke without swimfins.

In those days diving equipment was very rudimentary, as up to the outbreak of the Second World War the Navy did not consider the Diver to have an offensive role, and used them mostly for clearance diving or repairing ships bottoms. However attacks by the Italians using Midget Submarines during the First World War put soon paid to this idea. By the time the Second World War started the Italians had become much more sophisticated, and by 1941 had damaged two battleships, H.M.S. Queen Elizabeth and H.M.S. Valiant in the port of Alexandria. By the time Italy surrendered, their midget submarines had sunk 190,000 tons of merchant shipping, and over 90,000 tons of Allied warships. Bailey and Crabb built up the Underwater Working Party, and when Bailey broke his ankle, Crabb took it over. Crabb had to constantly adapt to the Italian threat especially when the Italian’s started to use human torpedoes. The unit secretly took up residence in an old battered steamer called the Olterra moored in a neutral Spanish port just five miles from Gibraltar.

On board the Olterra the Italians made a workshop to equip their subs and cut an entrance hole below the waterline so that the human torpedo’s could be launched in complete secrecy. On the 7th December three of these were launched to attack shipping in Gibraltar Harbour, and it was only because of Crabb’s vigilance along with his assistant Leading Seaman Bell, that all the attacks were foiled.

On 8 December 1942, during one such attack, two of the Italian frogmen, Lieutenant Visintini and Petty Officer Magro, died, probably killed by small explosive charges thrown from harbour-defence patrol boats, a tactic said to have been introduced by Crabb. Their bodies were recovered, and their swimfins and Scuba sets were taken and from then on used by Sydney Knowles and Crabb.

Crabb earned himself an impressive reputation in Gibraltar, so much so that he was promoted to lieutenant commander and put in charge of all mine removal along the Italian coast. His team’s primary task was clearing the harbor in Venice of unexploded German ordnance.

Ironically the Italians surrendered the next year and Crabb was able to not only visit the Olterra to recover various bits of submarines, but he also visited the Italians who had used them. They apparently had a great respect for Crabb and were happy to assist him in his quest to develop these weapons.

By the end of the war, Crabb was recognized as a skilled diver and explosives removal expert.

Awards

Crabb was awarded the George Medal for his efforts and was promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1943 he became Principal Diving Officer for Northern Italy, and was assigned to clear mines in the ports of Livorno and Venice; he was later created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for these services. He was also an investigating diver in the suspicious death of General Sikorski of the Polish Army, whose B-24 Liberator aircraft crashed near Gibraltar in 1943.

By this time, he had gained the nickname "Buster", after the American actor and swimmer Buster Crabbe. Ironically, the Royal Navy diver wasn’t a fantastic swimmer, but rather exceptionally diligent and determined.

After the war, Crabb was stationed in Palestine and led an underwater explosives disposal team that removed mines placed by Jewish divers from the Palyam, the maritime force of the Palmach elite Jewish fighting force during the years of Mandatory Palestine. After 1947, he was demobilised from the military.

Civilian diver

Crabb moved to a civilian job and used his diving skills to explore the wreck of a Spanish galleon from the 1588 Armada, off Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. He then located a suitable site for a discharge pipe for the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston. He later returned to work for the Royal Navy. He twice dived to investigate sunken Royal Navy submarines — HMS Truculent in January 1950 and HMS Affray in 1951 — to find out whether there were any survivors. Both efforts proved fruitless. In 1952, Crabb married Margaret Elaine Player, the daughter of Henry Charles Brackenbury Williamson and the former wife of Ernest Albert Player. The couple separated in 1953 and divorced about two years later.

In 1955, Crabb took frogman Sydney Knowles with him to investigate the hull of a Soviet Sverdlov-class cruiser to evaluate its superior manoeuvrability. According to Knowles, they found a circular opening at the ship's bow and inside it a large propeller that could be directed to give thrust to the bow. That same year, in March, Crabb was made to retire due to his age, but a year later he was recruited by MI6. By that time, Crabb's heavy drinking and smoking had taken its toll on his health, and he was not the diver that he had been in World War II.

Crabb Affair

Disappearance


In October 1955 Crabb was apparently instructed by the Royal Navy to find out why the Russian Cruiser Sverdlov was so manoeuvrable. The ship was in Portsmouth as part of a Spithead Review and since the Americans were also very keen to find out, the mission was overseen by them. Crabb swam to the bottom of the ship where he found a large hole from which a propeller could be lowered to provide more thrust for the bow, which explained the Cruisers superb manoeuvrability. It was the success of this mission that seemed to spur on the idea of inspecting the bottom of the Cruiser Ordzhonikidze which was due in Portsmouth in April 1956 carrying the Russian President Kruschev and his Foreign Minister, Bulganin on a good will visit.

MI6 then recruited Crabb in 1956 to investigate the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze that had taken head of state Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain. According to Peter Wright in his book Spycatcher (1987), Crabb was sent to investigate Ordzhonikidze's propeller, a new design that Naval Intelligence wanted to examine. On 19 April 1956, Crabb dived into Portsmouth Harbour and his MI6 controller never saw him again. Years later, a Russian who had been on board Ordzhonikidze claimed that the Soviets were expecting him that night (after being tipped off about the British operation by a mole) and that he dived into the dark and dirty waters beneath the Ordzhonikidze, hunted down Crabb, and slit his air hose and his throat with a knife. Crabb's companion in the Sally Port Hotel took all his belongings and even the page of the hotel register on which they had written their names. Ten days later British newspapers published stories about Crabb's disappearance in an underwater mission.

MI6 tried to cover up this espionage mission. On 29 April, under instructions from Rear Admiral John Inglis, the Director of Naval Intelligence, the Admiralty announced that Crabb had vanished when he had taken part in trials of secret underwater apparatus in Stokes Bay on the Solent. The Soviets answered by releasing a statement stating that the crew of Ordzhonikidze had seen a frogman near the cruiser on 19 April.

It was reported by Radio Moscow that the Kremlin had sent an official note to the United Kingdom concerning what Pravda described as “shameful espionage”. The Foreign Office reportedly replied: “Commander Crabb carried out frogman tests, and, as is assumed, lost his life during these tests. His presence in the vicinity of the destroyers occurred without any permission whatever, and Her Majesty’s Government express their regret at the incident.”

British newspapers speculated that the Soviets had captured Crabb and taken him to the Soviet Union. The British Prime Minister Anthony Eden disapproved of the fact that MI6 had operated without his consent in the UK (the preserve of the Security Service, "MI5"). It is mistakenly claimed that Eden forced director-general John Sinclair to resign following the incident. He had determined to replace Sinclair with MI5 director-general Dick White before the incident. The Prime Minister told the House of Commons it was not in the public interest to disclose the circumstances in which Crabb was presumed to have met his end.

Body found

A little less than 14 months after Crabb's disappearance, on 9 June 1957, a body in a diving suit was brought to the surface in their net by two fishermen off Pilsey Island in Chichester Harbour. The body was brought to shore in a landing craft operated by members of RAF Marine Craft Unit No. 1107.

It was missing its head and both hands, which made it impossible to identify (using then-available technology). According to British diving expert Rob Hoole, the body had the same height as Crabb, the same body-hair color, and was dressed in the same clothes, Pirelli two-piece diving suit and Admiralty Pattern swim fins that Crabb was wearing when he embarked on his final mission. Hoole wrote that given the length of time that Crabb's body had been in the water, there was "nothing sinister" about the missing head and hands. Crabb's ex-wife was not sure enough to identify the body, nor was Crabb's girlfriend, Pat Rose. Sydney Knowles was requested to identify the body shortly after its discovery. He described the body as being clad in a faded green rubber frogman suit of a type issued to Royal Navy divers, and the remains of a white sweater. The suit had been cut open from the neck to the groin and along both legs, revealing very dark pubic hair. Knowles examined the body closely, looking for a Y-shaped scar behind the left knee and a prominent scar on the left thigh. He failed to find any scars on the body and stated that it was not Crabb.

A pathologist, Dr. D. P. King, examined the body and stated in a short report for the inquest that a careful examination of the body failed to reveal any scars or marks of identification.

Inquest

The inquest was opened on 11 June 1957 by Bridgman, who had received the pathologist's report that there was no way of establishing identity. As neither Knowles nor Crabb's ex-wife nor a Lieutenant McLanahan, a Royal Navy torpedo officer from HMS Vernon, had been able to identify the body, Bridgman adjourned the inquest until 26 June to allow time for identification.

The inquest was resumed on 26 June. The pathologist, King, gave evidence that he had returned to the mortuary and re-examined the body on 14 June. He reported that he had found a scar in the shape of an inverted Y on the left side of the left knee, and a scar on the left thigh, about the size of a sixpenny coin. King stated that the scar had been photographed whilst he was present.

Fate

As information was declassified under the 50-year rule, new facts on Crabb's disappearance came to light. On 27 October 2006, the National Archives released papers relating to the fatal Ordzhonikidze mission. Sydney Knowles, a former diving partner of Crabb's, stated in a televised interview on Inside Out – South on 19 January 2007 that Crabb did not dive alone on his fatal last mission: "He told me they'd given him a buddy diver." Furthermore, papers released under the Freedom of Information Act indicate that there were other divers investigating Ordzhonikidze while the ship was in Portsmouth Harbour. On 9 November 2007, The Independent reported how the government had covered up the death of 'Buster' Crabb.

The cruiser Ordzhonikidze was later transferred by the Soviet government to Indonesia in 1962, where it operated as KRI Irian. The ship operated in the conflict against the Netherlands over West Papua, and was later used as a floating detention center for suspected communists during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966. The cruiser was scrapped in 1971.

In a 1968 retrospective on the affair Time reported that a skull thought by some to be Crabb’s was found in early March 1967 on a beach near Portsmouth.

Theories and speculations

Died during Soviet interrogation


After he was released from prison, the spy Harry Houghton wrote a book called Operation Portland in which he claimed that, in July 1956, his Russian handler, a man he knew as Roman, had told him how Crabb had died. Houghton said that, shortly before the Soviet visit, he had been meeting Roman in a pub in Puncknowle, Dorset, and happened to see a friend who worked at the Underwater Detection Establishment with her boyfriend, who was a diver. The boyfriend was annoyed that he had been training for something special, which had just been called off. Shortly after hearing that, Roman had cut short the meeting.

According to Houghton's account, after assessing that divers might be planning some activity relating to Ordzhonikidze, the Soviet Navy arranged for six underwater sentries to watch the bottom of the ship, which had been fitted with wire jack-stays on either side to help them hold on. When Crabb arrived, a struggle ensued in which Crabb's air supply was turned off and he passed out. He was then hauled on board and taken to the sick bay, having passed out a second time, where he was given medical treatment.

When Crabb had recovered sufficiently, the Soviets began to interrogate him. He was making a confession when he collapsed and did not recover. Aware that they might be accused of causing his death, the Soviets decided to fix his body lightly to the bottom of the ship so that it came loose once the ship was under way. However, the body tangled in something underwater, which meant it was not discovered for fourteen months. Houghton advanced the theory that Crabb's mission was to plant a small limpet mine on Ordzhonikidze, the purpose of which was to detect whether the Soviet Navy was using the latest sonar technology. If it was, the mine would detonate and the ship would slow down; if not, the mine would eventually detach and fall to the bottom of the sea.

Killed by the Soviets

In a 1990 interview, Joseph Zwerkin, a former member of Soviet Naval intelligence, who had moved to Israel after the breakup of the Soviet Union, claimed that the Soviets had noticed Crabb in the water and that a Soviet sniper had shot him.

On 16 November 2007, the BBC and the Daily Mirror reported that Eduard Koltsov, a Soviet frogman, claimed to have caught Crabb placing a mine on the hull of Ordzhonikidze and cut his throat. In an interview for a Russian documentary film, Koltsov showed the dagger he claimed to have used, as well as an Order of the Red Star medal that he said had been awarded for the deed. A Russian journalist from the military newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda considered Koltsov's story improbable. In particular, the archive documents did not confirm that Koltsov, a bus driver in Rostov-on-Don for 30 years, had been awarded the Order of the Red Star or was a Soviet Navy frogman.

Official British government documents regarding Crabb's disappearance are not scheduled to be released until 2057.

Captured, brainwashed, defected or a double agent

Certain Members of Parliament and Michael Hall became concerned about Crabb's ultimate fate and in 1961, Commander J.S. Kerans (and later in 1964 Marcus Lipton) submitted proposals to re-open the case but were rebuffed. Various people speculated that Crabb had been killed by some secret Soviet underwater weapon; that he had been captured and imprisoned in Lefortovo prison with prisoner number 147, that he had been brainwashed to work for the Soviet Union to train their frogman teams; that he had defected and became a commander in the Soviet Navy under the assumed name of Leonid Krabov; that he was in the Soviet Special Task Underwater Operational Command in the Black Sea Fleet; or that MI6 had asked him to defect so he could become a double agent.

MI5 theory

Tim Binding wrote a fictionalised account of Crabb's life, Man Overboard which was published by Picador in 2005. Binding stated that, following the book's publication, he was contacted by Sydney Knowles. Binding alleged that he then met Knowles in Spain and was told that Crabb was known by MI5 to have intentions of defecting to the USSR. This would have been embarrassing for the UK — Crabb being an acknowledged war hero. Knowles has suggested that MI5 set up the mission to the Ordzhonikidze specifically to murder Crabb, and supplied Crabb with a new diving partner who was under orders to kill him. Binding stated Knowles alleged that he was ordered by MI5 to identify the body found as Crabb, when he knew it was definitely not Crabb. Knowles went along with the deception. Knowles has also alleged that his life was threatened in Torremolinos in 1989, at a time when Knowles was in discussions with a biographer. About the claims that Crabb was planning to defect to the Soviet Union, Reg Vallintine of the Historical Diving Society was quoted as saying: "Diving historians find it very hard to believe that this man, who prided himself on being a patriot, would have seriously considered defecting. Crabb was very fond of being a hero, and it is hard to imagine him jeopardising that status." It is not clear just why MI6 would recruit a man who was known to be planning to defect to the Soviet Union to spy against the Soviet Union or why Crabb would agree to such a mission if he really had decided that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union.

Death by misadventure

The British diving expert Rob Hoole wrote in 2007 that Crabb had probably died of oxygen poisoning or perhaps carbon dioxide poisoning, and that Crabb's age and poor health caused by his heavy drinking and smoking had made him unsuitable for the mission that he had been assigned. In support of the death by misadventure theory, Hoole noted that before disappearing on his second attempt to dive Ordzhonikidze, Crabb had during his first attempt experienced equipment failure, which suggested that Crabb's equipment was not up to standard. Crabb's MI6 officer John Nicholas Rede Elliott always took the view that Crabb had suffered equipment failure and/or his health had given way, and that his reputation had been unfairly dragged through the mud.

Historical media

In a war documentary series titled Secrets of War, episode titled "The Cold War. Khrushchev's Regime", a 1996 interview with former head of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny (who was the first secretary of Komsomol at the time of Crabb's disappearance) reported, Crabb's decapitated body was found floating in the harbour two months after his disappearance. In the interview, Semichastny states that the "Crabb Affair" was handled elegantly.

So what really happened to Lionel Buster Crabbe?

its fairly certain that Crabb did swim out to the Russian vessel. But what happened next is down to who you believe. The most credible evidence seems to be a Joseph Zwerkin who was an ex member of the Soviet Naval Intelligence. He was interviewed in Israel in 1990 where he had moved after the fall of Communism. He stated that a diver had surfaced near the ship and had been shot in the head by one of the ships crew. Seem’s about right to me. All the secrecy surrounding this affair seems to be not so much about Crabb and what he did, but rather about what the various Government Agencies did, why they did it, and why did they cover it all up. It is interesting to find out that the Official Government Documents relating to this affair are not scheduled to be released until 2057.

Sources: https://www.warhistoryonline.com/cold-war/lionel-crabb.html?safari=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Crabb

https://www.submerged.co.uk/buster-crabb/

Saturday, October 29, 2022

The Bre-X Mining Scandal

 




Bre-X was a group of companies in Canada. Bre-X Minerals Ltd., a major part of Bre-X based in Calgary, was involved in a major gold mining scandal when it reported it was sitting on an enormous gold deposit at Busang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bre-X bought the Busang site in March 1993 and in October 1995 announced significant amounts of gold had been discovered, sending its stock price soaring. Originally a penny stock, its stock price reached a peak at CAD$286.50 (split adjusted) in May 1996 on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE), with a total capitalization of over CAD $6 billion. Bre-X Minerals collapsed in 1997 after the gold samples were found to be a fraud.

Busang's gold resource was estimated by Bre-X's independent consulting company, Kilborn Engineering (a division of SNC-Lavalin of Montreal), to be approximately 71,000,000 troy ounces (2,400 short tons; 2,200 t). Reports of resource estimates of up to 200,000,000 troy ounces (6,900 short tons; 6,200 t) were never made by Bre-X though the property was described as having this potential by John Felderhof, Bre-X's Vice-President for Exploration, in an interview with Richard Behar of Fortune magazine.

Bre-X's gold resource at Busang was a massive fraud. Encouraging gold values were intersected in many drill-holes and the project received a positive technical assessment by Kilborn. Crushed core samples had been falsified by salting which In mineral exploration, salting is the process of adding a valuable metal, especially gold or silver, to a sample to change the value of the sample with intent to deceive potential buyers of the mine. A well known Example is the diamond hoax of 1872.

In 1871, veteran prospectors and cousins Philip Arnold and John Slack traveled to San Francisco. They reported a diamond mine and produced a bag full of diamonds. They stored the diamonds in the vault of the Bank of California, founded by William Chapman Ralston.

Prominent financiers convinced the "reluctant" Arnold and Slack to speak out on their find. The cousins offered to lead investigators to their field. Investors hired a mining engineer to examine the field. They planted their diamonds on a remote location in northwest Colorado Territory. They then led the investors west from St. Louis, Missouri in June 1872. Arriving by train at the town of Rawlins, in the Wyoming Territory, they continued on horseback. But Arnold and Slack wanted to keep the exact location a secret, so they led the group on a confusing four-day journey through the countryside. The group finally reached a huge field with various gems on the ground. Tiffany's evaluated the stones as being worth $150,000.

When the engineer made his report, more businessmen expressed interest. They included banker Ralston, General George S. Dodge, Horace Greeley, Asbury Harpending, George McClellan, Baron von Rothschild, and Charles Tiffany of Tiffany and Co. The investors convinced the cousins to sell their interest for $660,000 ($14.9 million today) and formed the San Francisco and New York Mining and Commercial Company.  They selected New York attorney Samuel Latham Mitchill Barlow as legal representative.  Barlow convinced them to add U.S. Congressman Benjamin F. Butler to the legal staff. Barlow set up a New York corporation known as the Golconda Mining Company with capital stock of $10,000,000, while Butler was given one thousand shares for amending the General Mining Act of 1872 to include the terms “valuable mineral deposits” in order to allow legal mining claims in the diamond fields. The U.S. Attorney General, George H. Williams issued an opinion on August 31, 1872, specifically stating that the terms “valuable mineral deposits” included diamonds.

Financiers sent mining engineer Henry Janin, who bought stock in the company, to evaluate the find. Arnold and Slack led him and a group of investors to just north of what is now called Diamond Peak in the remote northwest corner of the Colorado Territory, where Janin and the investors found enough diamonds in the soil to satisfy themselves. Janin submitted a highly optimistic report, which found its way into the press.

Geologist Clarence King who had led a survey team that recently completed a Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel had a chance meeting with Janin on a train. King and his team were alarmed at the reports of such an prominent diamond field which their survey had not noted. King sent geologist Samuel Franklin Emmons and cartographer A. D. Wilson ahead to investigate, with King joining them soon after. Upon locating the site, they quickly concluded that it had been salted (as a geologist, King was aware that the various stones formed under different conditions and would never be found together in a single deposit), and notified investors.

Further investigation showed Arnold and Slack bought cheap cast-off diamonds, refuse of gem cutting, in London and Amsterdam for $35,000 and scattered them to "salt" the ground. Most of the gems were originally from South Africa.

Arnold returned to his home in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, and became a successful businessman and banker. Diamond-company investors sued him, and he settled the cases for an undisclosed sum. Years later he died of pneumonia after he was wounded in a shootout with a rival banker.

John Slack dropped from public view. He moved to St. Louis, where he owned a casket-making company. He later became a casket maker and undertaker in White Oaks, New Mexico, where he lived quietly and died in 1896 at the age of 76.

Salting is just one example of a confidence trick.

Michael de Guzman took core samples from the ground, which were supposedly from the Borneo site. After the samples were crushed and collected, De Guzman made sure he had some alone time with them before they were sent to be analyzed. He shaved gold flakes from his wedding ring and mixed them in with the samples (at a ratio of approximately 3 oz of gold per ton of rock). Later, when he ran out of gold from his ring, he paid locals for their river gold, buying up $61,000 worth of panned gold over the following two-and-a-half years.

with gold that has a wide variety of characteristics that had been subjected to mineralogical examination by Bre-X's consultants. In fact in an old report, found in Bre-X files, a mineralogist had reported that some gold particles in Busang samples had the darker yellow skin compared to the interior and some had delicate morphologies composed of electrum. The yellow rims result from selective leaching of silver from the surface of gold particle during river transport or during supergene (in-situ) processes. Electrum is inconsistent with an alluvial origin.

The mineralogy gave no indication that it was alluvial gold and was consistent with the assumed origin of the samples. None of the mineralogists who studied the gold grains gave any indication that the gold was not consistent with a hard rock origin. The salting of crushed core samples with gold constitutes the most elaborate fraud in the history of mining. In 1997, Bre-X collapsed and its shares became worthless in one of the biggest stock scandals in Canadian history, and the biggest mining scandal of all time.

History

David Walsh founded Bre-X Minerals Ltd. in 1989 as a subsidiary of Bresea Resources Ltd. The company did not make a significant profit before 1993, when Walsh followed the advice of geologist John Felderhof and bought a property in the middle of a jungle near the Busang River in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The first estimate of the site by its project manager (Filipino geologist Michael de Guzman) was approximately 2 million troy ounces.

Felderhof, who was previously responsible for finding the largest gold mine on Papua New Guinea, hired the Philippines-born de Guzman as the project manager for the Borneo operation.

While the two men had worked together before, it is not certain if Felderhof was aware of de Guzman’s bizarre private life — he had four wives and families, none of whom were aware of each other, and at the time of his death, he reportedly attempted to secure the fifth marriage but was turned down by his would-be bride.

Four years earlier, de Guzman was fired from a mining company job when it was discovered he was using the company’s funds to keep one of his paramours entertained.

Despite living a life that seemed more suited for sitcoms, de Guzman was a respected professional in his field. But once he arrived in Borneo, he realized he was on an impossible mission and feared losing his Bre-X job after his first two attempts to locate gold came up empty. De Guzman later acknowledged that Walsh considered selling the property in order to stem his losses from the unproductive gold searches.

De Guzman managed to fool his employer by salting his core samples with gold dust that he created with shavings from his wedding ring. Encouraged by this deception, Walsh directed de Guzman to continue his work. For the next two-and-a-half years, de Guzman produced thousands of core samples salted from locally panned gold that he acquired for $61,000 that I mentioned earlier.

Interviews with on-site workers revealed suspect operational procedures. The testing labs were "very downstream" from the mining facility, giving De Guzman privacy to prepare the samples. Workers reported De Guzman leaving open bags of rock samples in his office and often "blend[ing] pulverized rock samples with reddish, white and gold-colored powders" into the samples. Some journalists speculate that initial salting was simply to extend the project, but the salting continued after the enormous estimates returned from the lab.

The estimate of the site's worth increased over time; in 1995 it was 30 million ounces (850 metric tons); in 1996, 60 million (1,700 metric tons); finally, in 1997, 70 million ounces. The stock was originally listed on the Alberta Stock Exchange in 1989, and subsequently in 1996 on the Toronto Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. The stock price of Bre-X rose to CA$280 per share by 1997 (split adjusted) and at its peak it had a market capitalization equal to US$4.4 billion, equivalent to US$7.4 billion in 2021.

As word of the discovery spread, investors flocked to Bre-X. J.P. Morgan made public statements endorsing the Busang site and Lehman Brothers labeled it "the gold discovery of the century." In 1996, Walsh began trading the once penny-stock on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The stock price soared from 30 cents to $170 in just two years. Local investors saw immediate gains, with one Canadian woman claiming to know "about five new millionaires."

Independent auditors that were sent in by large institutional investors found that the panned gold had rounded edges, but de Guzman again had an ace up his sleeve to explain this away and explained it was because of what he called the “volcanic pool” theory.

Volcanic Pool Theory

Prior to joining the Bre-X operation, De Guzman developed the "Volcanic Pool Theory." De Guzman believed that when a volcano "collapse[s] back onto itself," gold is created from the "massive buildup of heat and pressure." The "Volcanic Pool Theory" motivated Bre-X's selection of Busang and justified their unorthodox mining practices. Busang's proximity to volcanoes made it the ideal location to test De Guzman's life work and potentially prove his Theory. Under typical mining conditions, after extracting a core sample from the ground, half is sent to the lab for testing and the other half is stored for future audits. De Guzman argued that volcanic pressure causes a non-uniform distribution of gold across the core sample. For this reason, the entire sample must be tested to accurately measure the gold content. This procedure resulted in minimal core sample storage, preventing future auditors from accurately assessing the valuations.

De Guzman surrounded himself with young geologists that recently graduated from college. Their inexperience resulted in minimal questioning of management, despite De Guzman's unorthodox practices. An observer likened the Bre-X team to "the geological equivalent of the batboys for the World Champion Yankees." While they were excited to partake in the gold rush, their inexperience limited their role in the operation. This limited role allowed De Guzman's tactics to go unchecked.

During the due diligence process, several investors questioned Bre-X's testing of the entire core sample. Felderhof responded by asserting De Guzman's expertise, arguing he does "not have time to educate them on the various grade determination methods for gold commonly used on a global basis in the mining industry." Because most investors lacked experience in the mining industry, many blindly trusted the "Volcanic Pool Theory" justification, leading to high valuations and minimal further questioning.

Normalization deviance has also plagued investors in the mining industry. Investors have fallen for similar scandals in the past including a Uranium scandal in Utah in 1954, a Nickel scandal in Australia in 1969 and most recently, a gold mining scandal in China in 2007. Overconfident market expectations caused the stock prices of these companies to soar. Although skepticism of reported findings increases after a scandal like Bre-X is uncovered, decision fatigue eventually settles in and investors fall for similar traps over time.

Some other mineral companies, including Placer Dome, organized failed takeovers, but the Indonesian government of President Suharto also got involved. Stating that a small company like Bre-X could not exploit the site by itself, the Indonesians initially suggested that Bre-X share the site with the large Canadian mining firm Barrick Gold, in association with Suharto's daughter Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana. Bre-X hired Suharto's son Sigit Hardjojudanto to handle their side of the affair. Bob Hasan, another Suharto acquaintance, negotiated a deal whereby Bre-X would have a 45% share, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold would run the mine, and Hasan would get a cut as well. Bre-X would have the land rights for 30 years. The deal was announced February 17, 1997 and Freeport-McMoRan began their initial due diligence evaluation of the site.

A fire in Bre-X’s Borneo field office occurred in January 1997 shortly before the new company began its work. This fire destroyed many of de Guzman’s sampling records — while the cause of the fire was not determined and de Guzman was never accused of arson, the timing of the blaze and the items that were destroyed seemed more than a bit suspicious.

Fraud exposed

The fraud however began to unravel on March 26, 1997, the American firm Freeport-McMoRan, a prospective partner in developing Busang, announced that its own due-diligence core samples, led by Australian geologist Colin Jones, showed "insignificant amounts of gold". A frenzied sell-off of shares ensued and Suharto postponed signing the mining deal. Bre-X demanded more reviews and commissioned a review of the test drilling. Results were not favorable to them, and on April 1, 1997, Bre-X refused to comment.

On Friday 11 April, Northern Miner magazine put a "news flash" on its site laying out three lines of evidence that Bre-X had been duped.
First, contrary to company statements, the Busang core samples had been prepared for assay in the jungle, not in the testing lab. A videotape made by a visitor to the field site showed the humble machines common in assay labs—hammer mills, crushers, and sample splitters. Well-labeled sample bags clearly had finely crushed ore in them. Security was lax enough that samples could easily have been spiked with gold.
Second, the local inhabitants had begun panning for gold in the Busang River, but in two years they never found any. Yet Bre-X claimed that gold was visible, a sign of unusually rich ore. And de Guzman's technical report, confusingly, called the gold submicroscopic, which is typical of hard-rock gold ore.
Third, the assayer that tested the samples said the gold was predominantly in visible-sized grains. Also, the grains showed signs consistent with being typical river-panned gold dust, such as rounded outlines and rims depleted in silver. The assayer dodged the 64-billion-dollar question, saying that there were indeed ways for hard-rock gold grains to acquire rounded edges—but that argument was a fig leaf.

Canadian gold analyst Egizio Bianchini, of BMO Nesbitt Burns, considered the rumors "preposterous". A third-party independent company, Strathcona Minerals, was brought in to make its own analysis. They published their results on May 4, 1997: the Busang ore samples had been salted with gold dust. The lab's tests showed that gold in one hole had been shaved off gold jewellery though it has never been proved at what stage this gold had been added to those samples. This gold also occurred in quantities that did not support the actual original assays. Trading in Bre-X was soon suspended on the TSE and NASDAQ, and the company filed for bankruptcy protection.

Mysterious death of Michael de Guzman

on March 19, 1997, Filipino Bre-X geologist Michael de Guzman was summoned back to Busang to explain his findings however en route to the drill site he reportedly committed suicide by jumping from a helicopter in Indonesia. After he plummeted from the helicopter to the jungle floor below, his body was was found four days later in the jungle, missing the hands and feet, "surgically removed". with his innards hollowed out and his genitalia gone.

Reports state that his body was also handless, footless and faceless. Journalist Jennifer Wells, who had been sent to Borneo and was shown pictures of De Guzman's dead body, believes that his neatly sutured corpse seemed inconsistent with one that had been ravaged by a wild animal. Could De Guzman have been tortured and murdered before plummeting from the helicopter? Was it even his body? We'll likely never know.

Another interesting point to note is that although it has been widely speculated that the body found was Michael De Guzman The body that was found was never actually positively identified. So we can’t matter of fact say with 100% certainty that the body they recovered in the Jungle was actually De Guzman

It gets even weirder when you dig deeper into the facts surrounding the body because In addition, the body was reportedly mostly eaten by animals. (According to journalist John McBeth, a body had gone missing from the morgue of the town from which the helicopter flew. The remains of "de Guzman" were found only 400 metres from a logging road. No one saw the body except another Filipino geologist who claimed it was de Guzman. And one of the five women who considered themselves his wife was receiving monetary payments from somebody long after the supposed death of de Guzman.) the story was that she got paid $25,000 fro. south America, the origin of which, as I understand it, was never ascertained.

Another interesting point was that Workers on site the day Guzman disappeared claimed he was carrying large duffel bags of cash. Some say he ran to South America with a few hundred thousand dollars, while others say it was upwards of hundreds of millions. With this amount of money he could have bribed his way to freedom.

There was also a rumour that that Michael de Guzman had been seen in Canada, years after the scandal. The explanation would be that, as was rumored at the time, an anonymous corpse was thrown from the helicopter.

Aftermath

By May, Bre-X faced a number of lawsuits and angry investors who had lost billions. Among the major losers were three Canadian public sector organizations: The Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement Board (loss of $45 million), the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, the Quebec Public Sector Pension fund ($70 million), and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan ($100 million). There was fallout in the Canadian financial sector also; the fraud proved a major embarrassment for Peter Munk, the head of Barrick Gold, as well as for the then-head of the Toronto Stock Exchange (resulting in his ousting by 1999), and began a tumultuous realignment of the Canadian stock exchanges.

Bre-X went bankrupt November 5, 1997 although some of its subsidiaries continued until 2003.

Walsh moved to the Bahamas in 1998, still professing his innocence. Two masked gunmen broke into his home in Nassau, tying him up, and threatened to shoot him unless he turned over all his money. The incident ended peacefully but three weeks later, on June 4, 1998, Walsh died of a brain aneurysm.

In 1999 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) announced it was ending its investigation without laying criminal charges against anyone. Critics charged that the RCMP was underfunded and understaffed to handle complex criminal fraud cases, and also charged that Canadian laws in this area were inadequate. However, despite the dropping of criminal charges, civil class action suits against Bre-X directors, advising financial firms and Kilborn continued.

In May 1999, the Ontario Securities Commission charged Felderhof with insider trading. No other member of Bre-X's board of directors, or others associated with the Busang project, were charged by the OSC. The OSC admitted that there is no evidence that Felderhof was either involved in the fraud or was aware of the fraud. The trial was suspended in April 2001 when the OSC tried to have presiding judge Justice Peter Hryn removed for alleged bias against the prosecution. This was denied by an independent judge, and on December 10, 2003 the appeal was also denied by a panel of judges.

The trial resumed in 2005. Felderhof attended, without testifying, a number of the Court hearings as the six-year case made its way through the system. The basis of the OSC action as well as the civil class-action suits is the alleged existence of numerous and obvious "red flags", as detailed by Strathcona Minerals, which should have been recognized.

Begun in 2001, the trial of John Felderhof was concluded on Tuesday, July 31, 2007, with a not-guilty verdict of illegal insider trading. Days after the verdict, the OSC also decided not to appeal the decision, a landmark victory for Felderhof and his lawyer, Toronto-based Joseph Groia. A class-action lawsuit was discontinued by court order in early 2014; $3.5 million (CAN) damages were donated to charity and the University of Ottawa since funds were deemed too low to be meaningfully distributed amongst the large number of plaintiffs.

Felderhof passed away on October 28, 2019, in Manila, Philippines, at the age of 79.

One effect of the Bre-X scandal was to strengthen securities regulation in Canada. National Instrument (NI) 43-101 implemented Standards for Disclosure for Mineral Projects after Bre-X imploded in order to improve the transparency of mining projects. Since many companies in Canada are engaged in mining operations, it was considered imperative to establish a regulatory authority over the industry’s geological practices.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre-X

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bre-x.asp

https://www.mining.com/web/bre-x-scandal-a-history-timeline/

https://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/gold/

https://www.businessinsider.com/bre-x-6-billion-gold-fraud-indonesia-2012-7

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-bre-x-gold-scandal-1439098

https://www.benzinga.com/news/21/07/22226078/wall-street-crime-and-punishment-bre-x-minerals-and-the-gold-mine-that-never-was

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Diamond_Hoax

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Michael_de_Guzman_and_the_Bre-X_Scandal

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